5° Congreso Nacional y 1° Internacional de Ciencias Ambientales "Las Ciencias Ambientales en el Antropoceno". Emisiones generadas y evitadas / 5th National and 1st International Congress of Environmental Sciences "Environmental Sciences in the Anthropocene". Emissions generated and avoided

RESUMEN Las actividades académicas, como los congresos, son muy importantes para la investigación y el desarrollo; sin embargo, las emisiones de carbono derivadas de la realización de eventos presenciales han mostrado estar muy por encima de las que producen eventos en línea. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar las emisiones generadas por el 5º Congreso Nacional y 1º Internacional de Ciencias Ambientales "Las Ciencias Ambientales en el Antropoceno", celebrado virtualmente, en su mayor parte. Se estimaron las emisiones del uso directo de computadores y de software (emisiones de los computadores, emisiones de la transferencia de los datos) y las emisiones de otras fuentes (reuniones de los organizadores, búsquedas y visitas a la página Web, uso de monitores externos y lámparas), así como las emisiones evitadas por transporte aéreo y terrestre. El congreso emitió 4,8 tCO2eq y evitó 33 tCO2eq. El desarrollo de eventos online o híbridos es más sostenible ambientalmente y podría ser más accesibles, a un mayor número de personas.

ABSTRACT Academic activities such as conferences are very important for research and development, however, carbon emissions derived from face-to-face events have been shown to be much higher than those produced by online events. The aim of this work was to estimate CO2 emissions generated by the 5th National Congress and 1st International Congress of Environmental Sciences "Environmental Sciences in the Anthropocene". Emissions from direct use of computers and software (emissions from computers, emissions from data transfer) and emissions from other sources (meetings of the organizers, searches and visits to the website, use of external monitors and lamps), as well as emissions avoided by air and land transport. The congress emitted 4.8 tCO2eq and avoided 33 tCO2eq. The development of online or hybrid events is more environmentally sustainable and could be more accessible to a greater number of people.

Food consumption in Brazil: influence of beef on environmental impact and nutritional quality of the diet / Consumo alimentar no Brasil: influência da carne bovina no impacto ambiental e na qualidade nutricional da dieta

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate beef consumption and its influence on carbon and water footprints, as well as to improve the nutritional quality of the Brazilian diet. METHODS The amount of beef and other foods consumed was evaluated by two 24-hour food records in a representative sample of the Brazilian population ≥ 10 years of age (n = 32,853) from 2008 to 2009. The environmental impact of the diet considered the coefficients of the carbon footprint (gCO2 and/kg) and the water footprint (liters/kg) of the foods, as well as their nutritional quality considering the nutrient composition of each food associated with the prevention of nutritional deficiencies or the increase/decrease in chronic disease risk. Linear and logistic regression models, crude and adjusted for sex, age, education, income, region, and area, were used to respectively study the association of fifths of the caloric contribution of beef with the environmental impacts of the diet and inadequate nutrient intake. RESULTS Carbon and water footprints and protein, iron, zinc, vitamin B12, saturated fat, and sodium contents were higher in the fraction of the diet composed of beef, whereas fiber and added sugar contents were higher in the fraction composed by the other foods. Dietary beef contribution was directly associated with the carbon and water footprints of the diet and the risk of saturated fat and sodium excess, besides fiber insufficiency, inversely associated with the risk of protein, iron, zinc, and vitamin B12 insufficiency. CONCLUSION Reducing beef consumption in Brazil would also reduce the carbon and water footprints of the diet, as well as the risk of chronic diseases related to food. Therefore, in order not to increase the risk of nutritional deficiencies, monitoring the increased intake of other foods rich in protein, iron, zinc, and vitamin B12 is suggested.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Estimar o consumo de carne bovina e a sua influência nas pegadas de carbono e na pegada hídrica, bem como mesurar a qualidade nutricional da dieta no Brasil. MÉTODOS A quantidade consumida de carne bovina e dos demais alimentos foi avaliada por dois registros alimentares de 24 horas em amostra representativa da população brasileira ≥ 10 anos de idade (n = 32.853) entre 2008 e 2009. O impacto ambiental da dieta considerou os coeficientes da pegada de carbono (gCO2e/kg) e da pegada hídrica (litros/kg) dos alimentos, bem como sua qualidade nutricional considerando a composição de cada alimento em nutrientes associados à prevenção de deficiências nutricionais ou ao aumento/diminuição do risco de doenças crônicas. Modelos de regressão linear e logística, brutos e ajustados para sexo, idade, escolaridade, renda, região e área, foram utilizados para estudar, respectivamente, a associação de quintos da contribuição calórica de carne bovina com os impactos ambientais da dieta e com a ingestão inadequada de nutrientes. RESULTADOS As pegadas de carbono e hídrica e os teores de proteína, ferro, zinco, vitamina B12, gordura saturada e sódio foram maiores na fração da dieta composta por carnes bovinas, enquanto o teor de fibra e de açúcar de adição foram maiores na fração composta pelos demais alimentos. A contribuição dietética de carne bovina mostrou-se associada diretamente com as pegadas de carbono e hídrica da dieta e com o risco de ingestão excessiva de gordura saturada e de sódio, além de ingestão insuficiente de fibra, associando-se inversamente com o risco de ingestão insuficiente de proteína, ferro, zinco e vitamina B12. CONCLUSÃO A redução no consumo de carne bovina no Brasil diminuiria as pegadas de carbono e hídrica da dieta, assim como o risco de doenças crônicas relacionadas à alimentação. Portanto, para não aumentar o risco de deficiências nutricionais, é sugerido o acompanhamento do aumento da ingestão de outros alimentos fontes de proteína, ferro, zinco e vitamina B12.

Ultra-processed food intake and diet carbon and water footprints: a national study in Brazil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To study the association between ultra-processed food consumption and carbon and water footprints of the Brazilian diet. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis on data collected in 2008-2009 on a probabilistic sample of the Brazilian population aged ≥ 10 years (n = 32,886). Individual food intake was assessed using two 24-hour food records, on non-consecutive days. The environmental impact of individual diets was calculated by multiplying the amount of each food by coefficients that quantify the atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases in grams of carbon dioxide equivalent (carbon footprint) and freshwater use in liters (water footprint), both per gram or milliliter of food. The two coefficients consider the food life cycle 'from farm to fork.' Crude and adjusted linear regression models and tests for linear trends assessed the association between the ultra-processed food contribution to total energy intake (quintiles) and the diet carbon and water footprints. Potential confounders included age, sex, education, income, and region. Total energy intake was assessed as a potential mediation variable. RESULTS In the crude models, the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods was linearly associated with the carbon and water footprints of the Brazilian diet. After adjustment for potential confounders, the association remained significant only regarding the diet water footprint, which increased by 10.1% between the lowest and highest quintile of the contribution of ultra-processed foods. Additional adjustment for total energy intake eliminated this association indicating that the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods increases the diet water footprint by increasing energy intake. CONCLUSIONS The negative impact of ultra-processed foods on the diet water footprint, shown for the first time in this study, adds to the negative impacts of these foods, already demonstrated regarding dietary nutrient profiles and the risk for several chronic non-communicable diseases. This reinforces the recommendation to avoid ultra-processed foods made in the official Brazilian Dietary Guidelines and increasingly in dietary guidelines of other countries.

Assessment of environmental sustainability in renal healthcare / Journal of Rural Medicine

The health effects of climate change are becoming increasingly important; there are direct effects from heatwaves and floods, and indirect effects from the altered distribution of infectious diseases and changes in crop yield. Ironically, the healthcare system itself carries an environmental burden, contributing to environmental health impacts. Life cycle assessment is a widely accepted and well-established method that quantitatively evaluates environmental impact. Given that monetary evaluations have the potential to motivate private companies and societies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions using market mechanisms, instead of assessing the carbon footprint alone, we previously developed a life cycle impact assessment method based on an endpoint that integrates comprehensive environmental burdens into a single index—the monetary cost. Previous investigations estimated that therapy for chronic kidney disease had a significant carbon footprint in the healthcare sector. We have been aiming to investigate on the environmental impact of chronic kidney disease based on field surveys from the renal department in a hospital and several health clinics in Japan. To live sustainably, it is necessary to establish cultures, practices, and research that aims to conserve resources to provide environmentally friendly healthcare in Japan.

Carbon footprint of the Brazilian diet / Pegada de carbono da dieta no Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To estimate the carbon footprint of the Brazilian diet and of sociodemographic strata of this population. METHODS: Carbon footprint of the diet was estimated based on data from two 24-hour diet records, obtained in 2008 and 2009, from a probabilistic sample of the Brazilian population aged 10 years and over (n = 34,003) and on environmental impact coefficients of food and culinary preparations consumed in Brazil (gCO2e/kg). Means with 95% confidence intervals of food consumption (kcal/person/day) and the carbon footprint of the diet (gCO2e/person/day and in gCO2e/2,000kcal) were calculated for the population as a whole and for strata according to sex, age, income, education, macro-regions and Federative Unit. Linear regression models were used to identify significant differences (p < 0.05) in the dietary carbon footprint of different sociodemographic strata. RESULTS: The average carbon footprint of the Brazilian diet was 4,489gCO2e/person/day. It was higher for males, for the age group from 20 to 49 years and for the North and Midwest regions, and tended to increase with income and education. The pattern of association of footprint with sociodemographic variables did not change substantially with adjustment for differences in the amount of food consumed, except for a reduction in the relative excess of the footprint among males and an increase in the relative excess of the footprint in the Midwest region. CONCLUSION: The carbon footprint of the Brazilian diet exceeds by about 30% the footprint of the human diet, which could simultaneously meet the nutritional requirements of a healthy diet and the global goal of containing the increase in the planet's average temperature. The pattern of association of this footprint with sociodemographic variables can help identify priority targets for public actions aimed at reducing the environmental impacts of food consumption in Brazil.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Estimar a pegada de carbono da dieta brasileira e de estratos sociodemográficos dessa população. MÉTODOS: A pegada de carbono da dieta foi estimada com base nos dados de dois registros alimentares de 24 horas, obtidos em 2008 e 2009, de uma amostra probabilística da população brasileira com 10 ou mais anos de idade (n = 34.003) e em coeficientes de impacto ambiental de alimentos e preparações culinárias consumidos no Brasil (gCO2e/kg). Médias com intervalos de confiança de 95% do consumo alimentar (kcal/pessoa/dia) e da pegada de carbono da dieta (gCO2e/pessoa/dia e em gCO2e/2.000kcal) foram calculadas para o conjunto da população e para estratos segundo sexo, idade, renda, escolaridade, macrorregiões e Unidade Federativa. Modelos de regressão linear foram utilizados para identificar diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) na pegada de carbono da dieta de diferentes estratos sociodemográficos. RESULTADOS: A pegada média de carbono da dieta brasileira foi de 4.489gCO2e/pessoa/dia. Foi maior para o sexo masculino, para a faixa etária de 20 a 49 anos e para as regiões Norte e Centro-Oeste, e tendeu a aumentar com a renda e a escolaridade. O padrão de associação da pegada a variáveis sociodemográficas não se alterou substancialmente com o ajuste para diferenças na quantidade consumida de alimentos, exceto por uma redução no excesso relativo da pegada entre homens e pelo aumento no excesso relativo da pegada na região Centro-Oeste. CONCLUSÃO: A pegada de carbono da dieta brasileira excede em cerca de 30% a pegada da dieta humana que poderia atender, simultaneamente, os requisitos nutricionais de uma dieta saudável e a meta global de contenção do aumento da temperatura média do planeta. O padrão de associação dessa pegada às variáveis sociodemográficas pode auxiliar na identificação de alvos prioritários para ações públicas que visem a reduzir os impactos ambientais do consumo alimentar no Brasil.

Methane emissions of extensive grazing breeding herds in relation to the weaning and yearling stages in the Eastern Plains of Colombia / Emisiones de metano en hatos de carne en pastoreo extensivo relacionadas con los períodos de destete y levante en los Llanos

ABSTRACT A substantial proportion of beef production in Colombia originates in its extensive Eastern Plains. However, in this scenario and in a global context, demand for cattle production increasingly requests that it satisfies social and environmental expectations in addition to being economically efficient. A dataset containing five-year long records of cow-calf production systems collected at Carimagua Research Centre located in the Meta Department was retrospectively interrogated to understand the liveweight (LW)-derived flux matrix dynamics of methane (CH4) emissions. Estimated total CH4 (kg) emissions during the gestation period, were similar between conventional weaned (CW; 37.86 ± 0.506 kg) and early weaned (EW; 37.47 ± 0.476 kg) cows. However, averaged over two lactations, total CH4 emissions were larger (p < 0.0001) in CW cows (38.67 ± 0.456 kg) than in their EW (14.40 ± 0.435 kg) counterparts. Total gas emissions from birth to comparable commercial yearlings age were higher (p < 0.0001) for CW (43.11 ± 0.498 kg) calves than for EW (40.27 ± 0.472 kg) calves. It was concluded that mid and long-term pastoral datasets and new concerns are well suited to understand different contexts and adaptations to the contemporary weather conditions. Nevertheless, conventional farming systems will be less environmentally vulnerable if EW management practices involve the strategic and temporal use of improved pastures. The roles of veterinary medicine and animal sciences are briefly discussed in the context of unprecedented climate variability to provide a guide to the uncertain future.

RESUMEN Una proporción substancial de la producción de carne de res en Colombia se origina en sus Llanos Orientales. Sin embargo, allí, así como en un contexto global, dicha producción ganadera debe ser económicamente eficiente y satisfacer expectativas sociales y ambientales. Considerando algunos de esos intereses, se analizaron cinco años de eventos productivos y de manejo del destete implementados en el Centro de Investigaciones Carimagua, localizado en el departamento del Meta, para interpretar en vacas de carne y sus crías las dinámicas de peso vivo asociadas con emisiones derivadas de metano (CH4). Emisiones totales de CH4 (kg) durante la gestación fueron similares entre las vacas destetadas convencionalmente (CW; 37.86 ± 0.506 kg) y aquellas destetadas tempranamente (EW; 37.47 ± 0.476 kg). Sin embargo, el promedio de dos lactancias demostró mayores (p < 0.0001) emisiones en vacas CW (38.67 ± 0.456 kg) que en vacas EW (14.40 ± 0.435 kg). Emisiones acumuladas entre el nacimiento y el levante fueron mayores (p < 0.0001) en terneros CW (43.11 ± 0.498 kg) que en terneros EW (40.27 ± 0.472 kg). Se concluyó que nuevos cuestionamientos y datos de pastoreo de mediano y largo plazo son apropiados para entender contextos innovadores y adaptaciones a las condiciones climáticas actuales. Sin embargo, el manejo convencional en las fincas será menos vulnerable al medio ambiente si prácticas de destete temprano son introducidas considerando el uso estratégico y temporal de pastos mejorados. Los roles de la medicina veterinaria y las ciencias animales se discuten brevemente en el contexto de la variabilidad climática existente.

Sinergias mitigación - adaptación al cambio climático en sistemas de producción de café (Coffea arabica), de Tolima, Colombia / Mitigation - adaptation synergies of climate change of coffee (Coffea arabica) production systems in Tolima, Colombia

Resumen El cambio climático del planeta es generado principalmente por el incremento de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. El Panel Intergubernamental de Cambio Climático (IPCC) ha establecido la mitigación y adaptación como estrategias para enfrentar el cambio climático; sin embargo, ambas estrategias se han evaluado poco en conjunto. Con el objetivo de estudiar las posibles sinergias entre mitigación y adaptación, se evaluaron tres sistemas de producción de café en el municipio de Líbano: sistemas agroforestales (SAF) con Cordia allidora, SAF con plátano y monocultivos con cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento. Como indicador de mitigación se estimó la huella de carbono en la producción y procesamiento del grano; mientras que la adaptación se midió como la diversidad de hormigas presentes. Los SAF con C. allidora favorecen tanto la mitigación como la adaptación al cambio climático, tienen una huella de carbono positiva además, tienen una mayor riqueza de géneros de hormigas (12.81 vs -3.0 vs -6.4 Mg CO2e/ha/año en huella de carbono y 1.3 vs 0.6 vs 0.6 de Índice de Margalef de hormigas en SAF con C. alliodora, SAF con plátano y monocultivo, respectivamente). Los sistemas de producción agrícola, manejados de forma amigable con el medio ambiente y en asocio con árboles nativos, son una buena estrategia para implementar programas de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático. Incluir árboles nativos favorece económicamente a los productores, e incrementa los lugares de refugio y las condiciones mínimas de sobrevivencia, semejantes a los ecosistemas naturales para que los diferentes grupos de animales logren adaptarse a los cambios.(AU)

Abstract Climate change is mainly generated by an increase of greehouse gas emissions. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has established mitigation and adaptation as strategies to deal with climate change. However, few studies have been developed jointly. With the purpose of studying the possible synergies between mitigation and adaptation, three coffee production systems in the municipality of Líbano: agroforestry systems (AFS) with Cordia allidora, AFS with plantain and monocultures, with four replications by treatment, were evaluated. As mitigation indicator, the carbon footprint in the coffee production and processing was estimated, whereas the adaptation was measured as the ant diversity. The AFS with C. alliodora favor both mitigation and adaptation to climate change since they have a positive carbon footprint and the greatest richness of ant genus (12.8 vs -3.0 vs -6.4 Mg CO2e/ha/year in carbon footprint and 1.3 vs 0.6 vs 0.6 of Margalef Index of ants in AFS with C. alliodora, AFS with plantain and monoculture, respectively). The agricultural production systems, environmental-friendly managed and associated with native trees, are a good strategy to implement in programs of mitigation-adaptation of climate change. The inclusion of native tree favors the producer's economy and increases the shelter places and the minimal conditions for surviving, similar to natural ecosystems so the different groups of animals for climate change adaptation.(AU)

Avaliação comparativa da pegada de carbono de margarina e manteiga produzidas no Sul do Brasil / Comparative evaluation of the carbon footprint from margarine and butter production in southern Brazil

RESUMO A avaliação de ciclo de vida (ACV) é uma técnica de estimativa de impactos ambientais, como emissão de gases de efeito estufa (CO2eq), para geração de produto ou realização de processo. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer a pegada de carbono para a produção da margarina e da manteiga com uso das normas ISO e PAS aplicadas a uma empresa de alimentos localizada na região Sul do Brasil desde a etapa do campo até a sua forma embalada com unidade funcional de 500 g para distribuição. Três cenários foram abordados para a margarina (óleos de soja provenientes do Sul e do Centro-Oeste com e sem desmatamento por queimada) e dois para manteiga (com alocação por massa e econômica). A modelagem foi realizada com dados primários de produção agrícola e da empresa e secundários do ecoinvent ® . A pegada da manteiga com alocação econômica (2,91 kg de CO2eq) foi maior do que a da margarina produzida com soja da mesma região (1,32 kg de CO2eq). Entretanto, esse coproduto autônomo da indústria de laticínio requer alocação mássica para evitar supervalorização, sendo de fato a menor pegada (0,63 kg de CO2eq). A utilização de grãos de soja do Centro-Oeste aumentou a pegada da margarina (1,58 kg de CO2eq), tendo sido muito intensificado quando empregado desmatamento por queimada (2,69 kg de CO2eq). A produção de leite foi o fator deletério preponderante para a manteiga. Para a margarina, houve duas situações distintas, sua fabricação quando se usa soja da mesma região ou a produção do grão quando este for proveniente de região distante desmatada por queimada.

ABSTRACT Life Cycle Assessment is a technique for estimating environmental impacts, such as the emission of greenhouse gases (CO2eq), for manufacturing product or process realization. The objective of this study was to establish the carbon footprint for the production of margarine and butter using ISO and PAS standards applied to a food company, located in the southern region of Brazil, from the field stage to its packed form with a functional unit of 500 g for distribution. Three scenarios were addressed for margarine (soybean oil from the South and the Midwest with and without burned deforestation) and two for butter (with mass and economic allocation). The modeling was performed with primary data from the agricultural and industrial production, and secondary data from ecoinvent ® . The economically allocated butter footprint (2.91 kg CO2eq) was higher than that of margarine produced with soybeans from the same region (1.32 kg CO2eq). However, this autonomous co-product of the dairy industry requires mass allocation to avoid overvaluation, being in fact the smallest footprint (0.63 kg CO2eq). The use of soybeans from the Midwest increased margarine' footprint (1.58 kg CO2eq) and was greatly intensified with burned deforestation (2.69 kg CO2eq). Milk production was the predominant deleterious factor for butter. For margarine there were two other distinct occasions, which were the manufacture when soy from the same region is used or the production with soybeans from a distant region deforested by burning.

Medición de Huella de Agua y Carbono de la Sesión de Kinesiología en Hospital Mutual de Seguridad CChC / Measurement of the Water and Carbon Footprint of the Kinesiology Session at Hospital Mutual de Safety CChC

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un sistema para tener una estimación de huella de agua y carbono de una sesión de kinesiología. Comienza con una revisión de la escasa literatura disponible que relacione cambio climático, considerado una amenaza para la salud, con terapia física. A continuación, se cruzan datos como cantidad de sesiones con el consumo de electricidad y agua del equipamiento de electro-medicina lo que permite estimar la huella de agua y carbono que deja en el ambiente el tratamiento a pacientes del Servicio de Kinesiología del Hospital Clínico Mutual de Seguridad C Ch C (HCMS). Finalmente se logra establecer una estimación de huella de agua y de carbono de cada prestación con resultados que muestran que la mayoría (83%), corresponde a acciones carbono neutral. Se espera que esta investigación nacional pionera sirva de base para mediciones, más precisas, del grado de impacto ambiental que tiene una sesión de kinesiterapia y tomar acciones de eventual corrección.

This study aims to introduce a system to have an estimation of the water and carbon footprint of a physical therapy session. It starts reviewing the scarce literature available linking climate change, considered a threat to human health, and physical therapy. Next, some data like number of sessions, water or electricity consumption of electromedicine devices are taken to, finally, have an output of the estimated water and carbon footprint laid on the environment by the treatment of patients at physical therapy Department of the Mutual Hospital. Finally, an estimation is set to establish the footprint of each therapeutic action, showing that the great majority (83%) correspond to carbon neutral actions. Hopefully, this pioneer investigation is expected to serve as a basis to more accurate measurements of the amount of environmental impact of Physical Therapy activities to, eventually, take corrective actions.

Huella de carbono en el Hospital Base de Puerto Montt / Measurement of the carbon footprint at a regional hospital

Background: Measuring the carbon footprint (CF) makes it possible to estimate the contribution of clinical activity to global warming. Aim: To measure the emitter components of CO2 equivalents (CO2e) at the Hospital Base, Puerto Montt (HBPM). Material and methods: Descriptive study with data collected retrospectively between January and December 2016 from the HBPM database. The data analyzes direct and indirect emissions as well as other indirect emissions beyond the organizational limits. Results: Of the 9,660.3 tons of CO2e emitted by the HBPM in 2016, 46% were derived from consumption of electricity, 29% derived from the generation of residues, and 10% from clinical gas consumption, of which Sevoflurane was the greatest contributor. Conclusions: Clinical gases are a significant source of CO2e emissions. Sevoflurane alone is in fourth place in CO2e emissions at the HBPM. Estimating the CF produced by HBPM is the first step in the discussion of measures to reduce the environmental impact of our activity.

Evaluación del impacto ambiental del proceso de modificación química de almidones nativos como potenciales excipientes en la industria cosmética / Evaluation of the environmental impact of the process of chemical modification of native starches as potential excipients in the cosmetic industry

RESUMEN El almidón por ser un polímero natural biodegradable es utilizado en la industria cosmética, gracias a que posee un bajo impacto ambiental. Para mejorar las propiedades anfifílicas de este polímero, se introduce una cadena alifática en la estructura, que permita interactuar con las cadenas apolares del almidón, generando así un aumento de su capacidad lipofílica. Por tanto, en este trabajo se usaron almidones de ñame, yuca, batata y maíz USP, este último como referencia, y fueron sometidos a tres metodologías de modificación: 1. Esterificación directa, 2. Hidrólisis y posterior esterificación y 3. Esterificación mediante microondas, empleando anhídrido dodecenil succínico (DDSA). En todos los casos, se incrementó significativamente la capacidad captadora de aceite y la emulsificante (tensoactiva) de los almidones; sin embargo, el "método en microondas" presentó algunas ventajas en comparación con otros métodos, de las cuales destacamos: aumento de la eficiencia de esterificación, disminución del tiempo de reacción de esterificación y menor impacto ambiental.

SUMMARY Starch, as a biodegradable natural polymer, is used in the cosmetic industry, exhibiting a low environmental impact. To improve the amphiphilic properties of this polymer, an aliphatic chain is introduced in the structure, which allows interacting with the polar chains of the starch, generating an increase of its lipophilic capacity. Therefore, in this paper we evaluated starches of yam, cassava, sweet potato and corn USP (as reference), which were subjected to three chemical modification methodologies: 1. Direct esterification; 2. Hydrolysis and esterification; 3. Esterification by microwaves, by using dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA). In all cases significant increasing of the oil capturing capacities and emulsifier (active) of the starches. However, the "microwave method" presented some advantages compared to other methods, in particular, an increase in esterification efficiency, a decrease in the esterification reaction time and a lower environmental impact.

Carbon footprint assessment for a local branded pure milk product: a lifecycle based approach

Abstract This paper provides a simplified life cycle based assessment for a local branded pure milk product, to measure its related carbon footprint, including production of raw milk, dairy processing, transportation of milk product and disposal of packaging waste. The results show that the total carbon footprint of the pure milk is 1120g CO2/L. The production of raw milk is identified as the major contributor to the carbon footprint. This contribution has amounted to 843 g of CO2 per liter of pure milk, accounted for 75.27% of the total carbon footprint. The carbon footprint of product transportation is 38 g of CO2 per liter, which accounts for 3.39% of the total. The carbon footprint related to the dairy processing and disposal of waste packaging is 173 g of CO2 per liter and 66 g of CO2 per liter, accounting for 15.45% and 5.89% of the total, respectively. The carbon footprint assessment intends to help dairy enterprises identify the intensive sectors of carbon emissions, and provides insight into improvement of product environmental performances.

CÁLCULO DE LA HUELLA ECOLÓGICA CAMPUS DE LA UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DE VENEZUELA / CALCULATION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT IN THE UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DE VENEZUELA CAMPUS

Las agendas ambientales actualmente promueven la aplicación de indicadores que posibiliten el resguardo de los ecosistemas naturales dentro de estándares de vida sostenible. Entre los actores que favorecen la aplicación de indicadores de sostenibilidad ambiental se encuentran las universidades, la cual han asumido un rol importante, no solo como productoras y contenedoras de conocimiento científico y tecnológico, sino también en el reconocimiento de su capital natural y el uso equilibrado de los servicios ambientales para el desenvolvimiento de sus funciones. En este sentido, el trabajo tiene por objeto la realización de una evaluación a través de la utilización del indicador de la Huella Ecológica en el Campus Universitario de la Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV). Su aplicación tiene como propósito estudiar un sistema ambiental acotado para determinar como la prestación de un servicio puede darse sin ser subvencionado por un déficit ecológico. La metodología posibilita evaluar el campus universitario como un sistema abierto, analizando los componentes que emiten carbono a través del consumo de agua, energía eléctrica, movilidad, papel, construcción y generación de residuos, así como la cuantificación de la vegetación para la fijación y captura de carbono. Al aplicar la metodología obtenemos los valores totales de emisión y fijación de carbono en promedio por el número de estudiante. Como resultado de la investigación para el 2011-2012 (datos más vigente disponibles) el Campus Universitario de la UCV necesitaría una extensión de 2.012,85 de hectáreas (ha) de bosque para asimilar las emisiones de carbono, obteniendo una Huella Ecológica de 0,030 ha/estudiante/año.

The environmental agendas currently promote the application of indicators that enable the conservation of natural ecosystems within sustainable living standards. The universities are part of the actors in favor of the application of environmental sustainability indicators and have assumed an important role, not only as producers and owners of scientific and technological knowledge, but also in the recognition of their natural resources and the balanced use of environmental services for the development of their functions. In this sense, the objective of this work is to carry out an evaluation through the use of the Carbon Footprint indicator, in the University Campus of Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV). Its application aims to study an environmental system to determine how the provision of a service can occur without being subsidized by an ecological deficit. The methodology makes it possible to evaluate the university campus as an open system analyzing the components that emit carbon through the consumption of water, electric power, mobility, paper, construction and generation of waste, as well as quantification of vegetation for carbon fixation and capture. When applying the methodology the total values of carbon emission and fixation on average by the number of students were obtained. As a result of the research, for 2011-2012 (most current data available) the UCV campus needed an extension of 2,012.85 hectares (ha) of forest to assimilate carbon emissions, obtaining a Carbon Footprint of 0.030 ha / Student / year.

Huella de carbono en Santa Marta, Colombia: Análisis desde el enfoque de los determinantes sociales de la salud - 2014 / Carbon footprint in Santa Marta, Colombia: An Analysis from social determinants of health approach - 2014

Objetivo. Se estableció como objetivo estimar la huella de carbono para la ciudad de Santa Marta a partir de las prácticas de consumo de alimentos, medios de transporte, servicios públicos y compra de bienes y servicios per cápita y, relacionar dicha huella con aspectos determinantes de la salud como el nivel socio-económico y socio-demográfico de la población. Método. Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal de encuesta en Santa Marta-Colombia para 2014, con una muestra de 811 personas seleccionadas aleatoriamente. Los datos se analizaron en EpiInfo 7 a través de análisis bivariado con ANOVA y Ji2 para identificar dependencias y multivariado por OR para identificar asociaciones. Resultados. Se encontró que la huella de carbono estimada promedio fue de 29,95 tCO2e por prácticas de consumo. Se estableció que tener 35 años o menos, niveles educativo profesional universitario o superior, estrato socioeconómico medio alto y alto, e ingresos altos son aspectos que aumentan la probabilidad de tener una huella de carbono mayor o igual a 39,3tCO2e. Conclusión. El tamaño de la huella de carbono se relaciona inversamente con la edad, y directamente con los ingresos económicos, estrato y nivel educativo.

Objective: The goal was to estimate the carbon footprint for Santa Marta by consumption per capita of food, transportation, goods and services, and housing, and to relate carbon footprint with the health determinants such as socio-economic status and socio-demographic characteristics of the population. Materials and Method: A crosssectional study with survey design was conducted in Santa Marta-Colombia for 2014, with a sample of 811 randomly selected people. Data were analyzed in software EpiInfo 7. For bivariate analysis we used ANOVA and Chi 2 to identify dependencies, and for multivariate analysis OR was used to identify associations. Result: The carbon footprint average by consumption patterns was 29.95 tCO2e. We found that people 35 years old or younger, professional or higher educational level, with medium-high and high socioeconomic status, and higher incomes have more probability to produce bigger carbon footprint (39.4 tCO2e or more). Conclusion: The size of the carbon footprint is inversely related to age but directly related with incomes, level of education and socioeconomic status.

Huella de carbono en cinco establecimientos de salud del tercer nivel de atención de Perú, 2013 / Carbon footprint in five third-level health care centers in Peru, 2013

RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio para calcular la huella de carbono generada por los establecimientos de salud del tercer nivel de atención ubicados en la ciudad de Lima, Perú, en el año 2013. Se obtuvieron los reportes del consumo de recursos energéticos y agua, así como la generación de residuos de cinco establecimientos, los cuales contribuyeron al cambio climático con la emisión de 14 462 teq CO2. El 46% de estas emisiones están asociadas al consumo de combustible para el funcionamiento de la casa de fuerza, generadores eléctricos y vehículos de transporte. Un 44% se relacionan con el consumo de energía eléctrica, y el restante 10% con la utilización de agua y generación de residuos sólidos hospitalarios. CO2, N2O y CH4 son los gases de efecto invernadero incluidos en la estimación de la huella de carbono. Los hospitales tienen un impacto ambiental negativo, principalmente debido al consumo de combustibles fósiles.

ABSTRACT This study was performed to calculate the carbon footprint generated by third-level health care centers located in Lima, Peru, in 2013. Reports were obtained on the consumption of energy resources and water as well as on waste generation from the five centers, which contributed to climate change with an emission of 14,462 teq of CO2. A total of 46% of these emissions were associated with fuel consumption by the powerhouse, power generators, and transport vehicles; 44% was related to energy consumption; and the remaining 10% was related to the use of water and generation of solid hospital waste. CO2, N2O, and CH4 are the greenhouse gases included in the estimated carbon footprint. Our results show that hospitals have a negative environmental impact, mainly due to fossil fuel consumption.

Establishment of the carbon label mechanism of coal chemical products based oncarbon footprint

ABSTRACT After redefining the carbon footprint and carbon label, the paper analyzesthe significance of the carbon labels under the background of the low carbon economy development, and establishes the concept of model of the carbon labels mechanism to chemical products. At the same time, the paper quantitatively studies carbon label data sourceof three kinds of coal chemical industry power products, which are fromhaving not CCS technologies of supercritical boiler of coal, using CCS technologies of supercritical boiler of coal and adopting CCS and IGCC technologies to power generation in CCI. Based on the three kinds of differences, the paper puts forward of establishing the carbon labels mechanism of chemical products under the low carbon consumption.

Establishing an Eco-friendly Dental Practice: A Review.

Have dentists paused to think as to where the gloves, fixer, plastic waste, mercury waste, and X-ray films used in the clinic end up after disposal? Or considered how much water, electricity, and other resources our dental clinics use? Dentists need to take off their tinted glasses and consider the effects of their dental practice on the planet. Though individual dentists generate only small amounts of dental waste, the accumulated waste produced by the profession may have significant environmental impact. Thus the concept of “green dentistry” or “ecofriendly dentistry” has evolved. Eco-friendly dentistry is an environmentally friendly way of practicing dentistry by using techniques and equipment to reduce waste, conserve energy, decrease pollution, and reduce our carbon footprint. The incorporation of eco-friendly dentistry to the dental practice is not only effective from an environmental perspective but is cost-effective for the dentist too. If a dental practitioner is looking for a way to distinguish his clinic from the others, eco-friendly dentistry could be the answer. This article reviews the scientific literature on eco-friendly dentistry and suggests comprehensive steps to start an eco-friendly dental practice.

Relación entre las emisiones de dióxido de carbono equivalentes por consumo de carne y el índice de masa corporal, el peso y el consumo diario de kilocalorías en estudiantes de la Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, 2013 / Relationship between emissions of equivalent carbon dioxide per meat consumption and body mass index, weight and daily intake of kilocalories in students at the University of Magdalena, Santa Marta, 2013

Objetivo: identificar la relación que existe entre las emisiones de dióxido de carbono equivalentes al consumo de carne con variables como el índice de masa corporal, el peso y el consumo kilocalórico diario en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud de la Universidad del Magdalena. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio de correlación en una muestra aleatoria de 302 estudiantes de la facultad de ciencias de la salud de la Universidad del Magdalena. La información se recolectó a través de un instrumento de hábitos alimentarios basado en la Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional en Colombia 2010. A partir de la información suministrada acerca de las prácticas alimentarias diarias de los estudiantes se calcularon las kilocalorías diarias; y a partir de la talla y peso se hizo el cálculo del índice de masa corporal. Finalmente, para el cálculo de la emisión equivalente de dióxido de carbono se utilizó la información de las porciones diarias de carne consumidas por cada estudiante. Resultados: el 65% de los estudiantes consume una sola porción de carne diaria de 100 gramos. Se encontró una correlación positiva significativa entre el equivalente de dióxido de carbono emitido por consumo de carne con el peso (p < 0,01), con el consumo kilocalórico diario (p < 0,01) y el índice de masa corporal (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: debido a que el incremento del peso, el aumento del consumo kilocalórico y el aumento del índice de masa corporal se relacionaron positivamente con el equivalente de dióxido de carbono emitido por consumo de carne, se debe promover en la población estudiantil el mantenimiento de prácticas alimentarias saludables para ellos y para el ambiente. MÉD.UIS. 2014;27(3):47-55.

Objective: to identify the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions associated with meat consumption and nutritional variables such as the body mass index, body weight and daily intake of kilocalories in college students. Materials and Methods: a correlation study was conducted on a random sample of 302 students of the faculty of health sciences at the University of Magdalena. The information was collected through an instrument of eating habits based on the National Survey of Nutritional Status in Colombia 2010. Beginning with the information provided about the daily eating habits of students, daily kilocalories were calculated, and body mass index calculation was made based on body weight and height from each student. Finally, the calculation of the carbon dioxide emission was made from the daily servings of meat consumed by each student. Results: 65% of students consumed a single serving of 100 grams of meat daily. A significant positive correlation between the equivalent carbon dioxide emitted by meat consumption with body weight (p < 0.01), with the daily kilocalorie consumption (p < 0.01) and body mass index (p < 0.05) was found. Conclusions: because the increase in body weight, kilocalorie consumption and body mass index resulted positively related to the equivalent of carbon dioxide emitted by meat consumption, it should be promoted in the student population maintaining healthy dietary practices for themselves and for the environment. MÉD.UIS. 2014;27(3):47-55.

A Preliminary Estimation on Carbon Footprint of Raw Water from the Reservoirs for Domestic Use in Taiwan.

This study aims to evaluate the carbon footprint of raw water from reservoirs for domestic use in Taiwan. It also provides a preliminary measure and reference database for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission of reservoir systems in Taiwan. Four reservoirs, Feitsui (F.T.) and Liyutan (L.Y.T.) in subtropical zone and Nanhua (N.H.) and Tsengwen (T.W.) in tropical zone, were selected as the cases to be examined for carbon footprint inventory, including the GHG emission from the water body and from human activities. Carbon footprint inventory followed PAS 2050 (2011 Specification for the assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services). GHG emission from water body followed the instruction of UNESCO guidelines. The boundary of this inventory covers the water intake works, impoundment region, the dam, the affiliated hydroelectricity power plant, the administration center and other facilities. In this study, the floating chambers with gas chromatography (GC) were chosen to measure the GHG flux from the water body. For the emission of CH4 and N2O from the water body, there are no significantly difference between the fluxes during the daytime and nighttime. For carbon dioxide, the instantaneous flux during the nighttime is higher than the daytime flux. The two reservoirs in tropical zone emit more CO2e from the water body than those in subtropical zone. Summarizing the direct and indirect GHG emission, for the four reservoirs, the annual emission quantities ranged from 653 ton of CO2e to 23,146 ton of CO2e. The carbon footprint of water supply for domestic use ranged from 0.002 kg CO2e/m3 to 0.028 kg CO2e/m3. Roughly speaking, the total GHG emission quantity of the 24 main reservoirs in Taiwan was estimated to be around 121,800 ton of CO2e with the total yield of 4.35 billion m3 of water annually using the highest carbon footprint 0.028 kg CO2e/m3.

Huella de agua y carbono de una sesión de kinesiterapia / Carbon and water footprint in a physical therapy session

Un tema emergente en la actualidad es el que rodea al término Cambio Climático. Según los estudios de Stegman y McKibbin existe influencia de las actividades humanas en su gestación y control por lo que es posible asumir que nuestra labor como Kinesiologos también es parte de esta influencia. El propósito de este artículo es introducir una mirada que promueva la revisión de las actividades Profesionales del Kinesiólogo Clínico, desde su formación de pregrado hasta su desempeño laboral, a la luz del conocimiento de la huella de Carbono y Agua que estas dejan en el Planeta. Se hace una revisión de la escasa literatura disponible en Kinesiología abordando una observación diferente de nuestro actuar terapéutico.

A currently emerging, issue is what surrounds the term Climate Change. According to studies by Stegman and McKibbin there is influence of human activities in its gestation and control making it possible to assume that our Physical Therapists labor also work as part of this influence. The purpose of this article is to introduce a look that promotes the review of clinical Physical Therapist professional activities from their undergraduate training to job performance in the light of the knowledge of the carbon and water footprint that they leave on the planet. One presents a review of the limited literature available in Physical Therapy, addressing a different observation of our therapeutic act.